References

Adolescents
Ministry of Health. 1998.  Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Adolescents. A background paper. Wellington, New Zealand
NHMRC. 2006. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand
SPARC 2007. Physical activity guidelines for children and young people (ages 5-18).
Millennium Institute of Sport & Health & Nestle in partnership with the New Zealand Nutrition Foundation. 2008. Be Healthy Be Active.

Adults
Ministry of Health. 2003. Food and nutrition guidelines for healthy adults. A background paper. Wellington, New Zealand
 
Alcohol
Tasman-Jones C. Alcohol drinking guidelines. The New Zealand Medical Journal. 2005: 118; 1218.
Ministry of Health. 2006. Food and Nutrition Guidelines for healthy pregnant and breastfeeding women: A background paper. Wellington, New Zealand
NHRMC: Australian Alcohol Guidelines: Health Risks and Benefits http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/_files/ds9.pdf
 
Aspartame
Magnuson, B.A., Burdock, G.A., et al. 2007. Aspartame: A safety evaluation based on current use levels, regulations, and toxicological and epidemiological studies. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 37:8, 629 – 727
Food Standards Australia New Zealand. 2003. Consumption of intense sweeteners in Australia and New Zealand – Roy Morgan Research Report, Canberra.
Food Standards Australia New Zealand (NZFSA) Fact Sheet. Aspartame: What it is and why it’s used in our food. http://www.nzfsa.govt.nz/consumers/chemicals-nutrients-additives-and-toxins/aspartame/ . July 2008
 
B vitamins
Ministry of Health. Folate, folic acid and health. Wellington, New Zealand
Ministry of Health. 2006. Food and Nutrition Guidelines for healthy pregnant and breastfeeding women: A background paper. Wellington, New Zealand
NHMRC. 2006. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand
Strain JJ, Dowey L et al. B-vitamins, homocysteine metabolism and CVD. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2004; 63: 597-603
Duthie SJ, Narayanan S et al. Folate, DNA stability and colo-rectal neoplasia. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2004; 63: 571-578
EUFIC. What you need to know about folate. EUFIC Food Today. January 2006. www.eufic.org 
EUFIC. New foods for our lifestyles. EUFIC Food Today. January 2004. www.eufic.org 
Mann, K and Truswell, SY (editors). Essentials of Human Nutrition. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, USA; 2007
Athar N et al. 2006. The Concise New Zealand Composition Tables. 7th edition. Palmerston North: New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Ltd; Wellington: Ministry of Health
 
BMI
New Zealand Dietetic Association (NZDA) 2007. Clinical Handbook – eighth edition.
 
Breads and Cereals
Ministry of Health. 2003. Food and nutrition guidelines for healthy adults. A background paper. Wellington, New Zealand
 
Caffeine
Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Fact sheet: Caffeine. http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/foodmatters/caffeine/index.cfm
New Zealand Food Safety Authority. Fact Sheet: Energy shots. http://www.nzfsa.govt.nz/hot-topics/hot-topic-energy-shots.htm
Ministry of Health. 2006. Food and Nutrition Guidelines for healthy pregnant and breastfeeding women: A background paper. Wellington., New Zealand
Temple JL. Caffeine use in children: what we know, what we have left to learn, and why we should worry. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009;33:793-806.
Nawrot P, Jordan S, Eastwood J, Rotstein J, Hugenholtz A, Feeley M. Effects of caffeine on human health. Food Addit Contam 2003;20:1-30.
Jahanfar S, Sharifah H. Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on foetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009:CD006965.
O'Brien MC, McCoy TP, Rhodes SD, Wagoner A, Wolfson M. Caffeinated cocktails: energy drinks consumption, high-risk drinking, and alcohol-related consequences among college students. Acad Emerg Med 2008;15:453-60.
Childs, E., & de Wit, H. (2006). Subjective, behavioral, and physiological effects of acute caffeine in light, nondependent caffeine users. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 185(4), 514-523.
New Zealand Food Safety Authority. Fact Sheet: Food safety in pregnancy. http://www.nzfsa.govt.nz/consumers/low-immunity-child-pregnancy/pregnancy-food-safety/
 
Carbohydrates
Ministry of Health. 2003. Food and nutrition guidelines for healthy adults. A background paper. Wellington, New Zealand
NHMRC. 2006. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand.
Athar N et al. 2006. The Concise New Zealand Composition Tables. 7th edition. Palmerston North: New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Ltd; Wellington: Ministry of Health
 
Children
Ministry of Health. 1997. Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Children (aged 2-12 years): A background paper. Wellington, New Zealand
NHMRC. 2006. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand.
 
Cholesterol
National Heart Foundation www.nhf.org.nz
Taku K, Umegaki K, Sato Y,et al.  Soy isoflavones lower serum total and LDL cholesterol in humans: a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 1148-56
Heart to Heart – A simple guide to lower cholesterol through diet and lifestyle. National Cholesterol Education Program New Zealand. 2007. www.ncepnz.co.nz
 
Energy
European Food Information Council – www.eufic.org
Ministry of Health. 2003. Food and nutrition guidelines for healthy adults. A background paper. Wellington, New Zealand
 
Fats
Reuss R. Trans fatty acids in the New Zealand and Australian food supply. Food. Oct/Nov 200: 18-19.
Food Standards Australia New Zealand – Trans fatty acids fact sheet - May 2007. www.foodstandards.gov.au 
New Zealand Dietetic Association 2007 Clinical handbook – Eighth Edition.
European Food Information Council – www.eufic.org
Lake R, Saunders D, Jones S. Level of Trans Fatty acids in the New Zealand food supply: Christchurch, NZ: Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, Christchurch Science Centre; 2006.
World Health Organisation www.who.int
Ministry of Health. 2003. Food and nutrition guidelines for healthy adults. A background paper. Wellington, New Zealand
Athar N et al. 2006. The Concise New Zealand Composition Tables. 7th edition. Palmerston North: New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Ltd; Wellington: Ministry of Health
 
Fibre
Lakes District Health Board www.lakesdhb.govt.nz
Ministry of Health. 2003. Food and nutrition guidelines for healthy adults. A background paper. Wellington, New Zealand
Athar N et al. 2006. The Concise New Zealand Composition Tables. 7th edition. Palmerston North: New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Ltd; Wellington: Ministry of Health
NHMRC. 2006. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand.
 
Fluid
European Food Information Council – www.eufic.org
Ministry of Health. 2003. Food and nutrition guidelines for healthy adults. A background paper. Wellington, New Zealand
Mayo Clinic. Water: How much should you drink everyday? http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/water/NU00283
Ministry of Health. Fact sheet: Drinking water in New Zealand. http://www.moh.govt.nz/water
 
Fluoride
Ministry of Health. Fact Sheet: Fluoridation in New Zealand.
Lee M, Dennison P. Water fluoridation and dental caries in 5 and 12 year old children from Canterbury and Wellington. New Zealand Dental Journal. 2004; 100(1):10-15
Mann and Truswell, 2007 Essentials of Human Nutrition. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, USA
NHMRC. 2006. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand.
 
Food Additives
Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Identifying food additives. www.fsanz.govt.nz
 
Food Allergy and Intolerance
Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ). Quantitative consumer survey on Allergen labelling: Benchmark 2003.   
Ministry of Health. 1997. Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Children (aged 2-12 years): A background paper. Wellington, New Zealand
Crespo J, Blanco, C, Contreras J,et al. Food allergy. A clinical and epidemiological study”. 1992. J Allergy Clin Immunol,1992; 89: 192.
Fomon S, Bell E. Energy. In Fomon S (Ed.) Nutrition of Normal Infants. St Louis: Mosby. 1993
Swain A, Soutter V, Loblay R. Food Allergy. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia. 1996; 20: 82-5.
Ministry of Health. 2007. Food and Nutrition Guidelines for healthy infants and toddlers (aged 0-2) – A Background Paper. 2007. Wellington. New Zealand
 
Food Groups
Ministry of Health. 2003. Food and nutrition guidelines for healthy adults. A background paper. Wellington, New Zealand
 
Food Labelling
New Zealand Food Safety Authority (NZFSA) Consumer healthy food shopping guide
Food Standard Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) www.foodstandards.gov.au
 
Fruits and Vegetables
Ministry of Health. 2003. Food and nutrition guidelines for healthy adults. A background paper. Wellington, New Zealand
5+ a day: www.5aday.co.nz
Horticulture New Zealand: www.vegetables.co.nz
 
Infants and Toddlers
Ministry of Health. 2008 Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Infants and Toddlers (aged 0-2). A background paper. Wellington, New Zealand
Ministry of Health. 2005. Brochure: Eating for Healthy Babies and Toddlers. From birth to 2 years old. Wellington, New Zealand
 
Iodine
Skeaff SA, Thomson CD and Gibson RS. 2002. Mild iodine deficiency in a sample of New Zealand school children. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56: 1169-75
Hooper L, Bartlett C, Davey Smith G et al. 2002. Systematic review of long term effects of advice to reduce dietary salt in adults. British Medical Journal 325: 628-36
Young L, Swinburn B. 2002. Impact of the Pick the Tick food information programme on the salt content of food in New Zealand. Health Promotion International 17:13-19
Ministry of Health. 2003. Nutrition and the Burden of Disease: New Zealand 1997-2011. Wellington: Ministry of Health
Mann and Truswell, 2007 Essentials of Human Nutrition. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, USA
NHMRC. 2006. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand.
Athar N et al. 2006. The Concise New Zealand Composition Tables. 7th edition. Palmerston North: New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Ltd; Wellington: Ministry of Health
 
Lean meat and alternatives
Ministry of Health. 2003. Food and nutrition guidelines for healthy adults. A background paper. Wellington, New Zealand
Ministry of Health. 1999. NZ Food: NZ People: Key results of the 1997 National Nutrition Survey. Wellington, New Zealand
Ministry of Health. 2003. NZ Food: NZ Children. Key results of the 2002 National Children’s Nutrition Survey. Wellington, New Zealand
 
Maintaining a healthy weight during childhood
Ministry of Health. 2003. NZ Food: NZ Children. Key results of the 2002 National Children’s Nutrition Survey. Wellington, New Zealand
Crouch P, O’Dea J, Battisti R. Child feeding practices and perceptions of childhood overweight and childhood obesity risk among mothers of preschool children. Nutrition and Dietetics. 2007; 64: 151-158
Whittaker R, et al. Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. New England Journal of Medicine.  1997; 337: 869-73. 
Wardle J. Parental influences on the children’s diet. Proc Nutr Soc. 1995; 54: 747-58
Campbell K, et al. Family food environment and dietary behaviours likely to promote fatness in 5-6 year old children. Int J Obes. 2006; 30: 1272-80.
Nicklas T et al. Family and child care influences on preschool children’s fruit, juice and vegetable consumption. Nutr Rev. 2001; 59: 224-35.
Videon T, Manning C. Influences on adolescent eating patterns: the importance of family meals. J Adolesc Health. 2003; 32: 365-73
Sport and Recreation New Zealand: New Zealand physical activity guidelines for children and young people aged 5-18 years. http://www.sparc.org.nz/getting-active/activity-guidelines
Ministry of Health. 1997. Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Children (aged 2-12 years): A background paper. Wellington, New Zealand
Ministry of Health. 2003. Food and nutrition guidelines for healthy adults. A background paper. Wellington, New Zealand
 
Milk and milk products
Ministry of Health. 2003. Food and nutrition guidelines for healthy adults. A background paper. Wellington, New Zealand
McDonalds Nutrition Calculator: www.mcdonalds.co.nz
Ministry of Health. 1996. Food and Nutrition Guidelines for the 1997 National Nutrition Survey. Wellington, New Zealand
NHMRC. 2006. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand.
 
 
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Ministry of Health. 2006. Food and Nutrition Guidelines for healthy pregnant and breastfeeding women: A background paper. Wellington., New Zealand
NHMRC. 2006. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand.
Kumar P, Clark M. Clinical Medicine. 6th edition. Elsevier Saunders. 2005.
Food Science Australia. 2995. Fact sheet – The safety of microwave ovens. http://www.foodscience.csiro.au
Ministry of Health. 2008. Brochure: Eating for healthy pregnant women. Wellington, New Zealand
NHMRC Public Statement. Iodine Supplementation For Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women. January 2010.
 
 
Protein
NHMRC. 2006. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand.
Ministry of Health. 1999. NZ Food: NZ People: Key results of the 1997 National Nutrition Survey. Wellington, New Zealand
Ministry of Health. 2003. NZ Food: NZ Children. Key results of the 2002 National Children’s Nutrition Survey. Wellington, New Zealand
Ministry of Health. 1996.  Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Older People. Wellington, New Zealand
Ministry of Health. 1997. Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Children (aged 2-12 years): A background paper. Wellington, New Zealand
Ministry of Health. 1998. Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Adolescents. A background paper. Wellington, New Zealand
Ministry of Health. 2008. Brochure: Eating for healthy pregnant women. Wellington, New Zealand
Ministry of Health. 2006. Food and Nutrition Guidelines for healthy pregnant and breastfeeding women: A background paper. Wellington., New Zealand
Ministry of Health. 2003. Food and nutrition guidelines for healthy adults. A background paper. Wellington, New Zealand
Athar N et al. 2006. The Concise New Zealand Composition Tables. 7th edition. Palmerston North: New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Ltd; Wellington: Ministry of Health
 
 
Selenium
Mann and Truswell, 2007 Essentials of Human Nutrition. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, USA
NHMRC. 2006. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand.
Athar N et al. 2006. The Concise New Zealand Composition Tables. 7th edition. Palmerston North: New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Ltd; Wellington: Ministry of Health
 
Sodium
Cappuccio, F. Dietary prevention of osteoporosis. Are we ignoring the evidence?” Am J Clin Nutr 1996. 63: 787-88.
Bonita R, Beaglehold, R. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in older NZers: A report to the National Health Committee. Wellington, National Health Committee. 1998.
NZ National Heart Foundation. 1999. Roberts, D. Position statement on sodium.
Mann and Truswell, 2007 Essentials of Human Nutrition. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, USA
NHMRC. 2006. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand.
Athar N et al. 2006. The Concise New Zealand Composition Tables. 7th edition. Palmerston North: New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Ltd; Wellington: Ministry of Health
 
 
Vegetarian Diets
Rajaram, S. The effect of vegetarian diet, plant foods, and phytochemicals on haemostasis and thrombosis. Am J Clin Nut 2003; 78(3): 552S-558S
Phillips, S. Vegetarian Nutrition. Nutrition Bulletin. 2002: 30 (2); 132-167.
Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003; 103(6): 748-765.
Mahan, L, Escott-Stump, S. Food, nutrition, and diet therapy. 10th Edition. Elsevier Science , 2000.
Ministry of Health. 1999. NZ Food: NZ People: Key results of the 1997 National Nutrition Survey. Wellington, New Zealand
Ministry of Health. 2003. NZ Food: NZ Children. Key results of the 2002 National Children’s Nutrition Survey. Wellington, New Zealand
Ministry of Health. Eating for healthy vegetarians. http://www.healthed.govt.nz/resources/eatingforhealthyvegetarianstekaito.aspx
Athar N et al. 2006. The Concise New Zealand Composition Tables. 7th edition. Palmerston North: New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Ltd; Wellington: Ministry of Health
 
Vitamin A
Mann and Truswell, 2007 Essentials of Human Nutrition. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, USA
Ministry of Health. 2006. Food and Nutrition Guidelines for healthy pregnant and breastfeeding women: A background paper. Wellington., New Zealand
NHMRC. 2006. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand.
Athar N et al. 2006. The Concise New Zealand Composition Tables. 7th edition. Palmerston North: New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Ltd; Wellington: Ministry of Health
 
 
Vitamin C
NHMRC. 2006. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand.
Mann and Truswell, 2007 Essentials of Human Nutrition. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, USA
Athar N et al. 2006. The Concise New Zealand Composition Tables. 7th edition. Palmerston North: New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Ltd; Wellington: Ministry of Health
 
Vitamin D
NHMRC. 2006. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand.
Green T, Skeaff C. Does the vitamin D status of Australians and New Zealanders need improving and how do we do it? Nutrition and Dietetics. 2006; 63: 196 -198.
Shrapnel W, Truswell S.   Vitamin D deficiency in Australia and New Zealand: What are the dietary options? Nutrition and Dietetics. 2006; 63: 206 – 212.
Rockell J et al. Season and ethnicity are determinants of serum 25-hydroxvitamin D concentrations in New Zealand children aged 5-14yr. 2005. American Society for Nutrition Journal of Nutrition. 2005; 135:2602-2608.
Rockell J, Skeaff C, Williams S, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of New Zealanders aged 15 years and older. Osteoporosis International. 2006; 17: 1382-1389.
Australia and New Zealand Bone and Mineral Society. 2005. Vitamin D and adult bone health in Australia and New Zealand: a position statement. http://www.anzbms.org.au/resources/policies/VitaminD_position_2005.pdf
Mann and Truswell, 2007 Essentials of Human Nutrition. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, USA
 
Vitamin E
Stampfer M, Hennekens C, Manson J, Colditz G, Rosner B, Willett W. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1444-9
Knekt P, Reunanen A, Jarvinen R, et al. Antioxidant vitamin intake and coronary mortality in a longitudinal population study. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:1180-9. 
The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2000;342:154-60.
Bruno, R, Ramakrishnan, R, Montine, T, et al. Alpha-Tocopherol disappearance is faster in cigarette smokers and is inversely related to their ascorbic acid status. Am J Clin Nut 2005; 81:95-103
NHMRC. 2006. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand.
Mann and Truswell, 2007 Essentials of Human Nutrition. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, USA
Athar N et al. 2006. The Concise New Zealand Composition Tables. 7th edition. Palmerston North: New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Ltd; Wellington: Ministry of Health
 
 
Vitamin K
New Zealand Food Safety Authority (NZFSA) Fact sheet: Vitamin K and Warfarin medication.
Mann and Truswell, 2007 Essentials of Human Nutrition. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, USA
NHMRC. 2006. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand.
Athar N et al. 2006. The Concise New Zealand Composition Tables. 7th edition. Palmerston North: New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Ltd; Wellington: Ministry of Health